![]() Titanium is mainly alloyed with aluminum and vanadium.Titanium alloys are used in aircraft and engine construction as well as in engines (connecting rods, valve springs and expansion bolts) due to their excellent properties (light and at the same time highly solid). Magnesium is highly flammable and is therefore only used alloyed with aluminium, manganese or zinc. Important alloying elements for aluminium are copper, silicon, magnesium, manganese and zinc. For a better idea the following comparison: 1 kg magnesium has about 4.5 times the volume of 1 kg iron.Light and of very high strength is titanium.The three light metals mentioned are usually used as alloys.The purpose of use determines the choice of alloying elements. Magnesium has a low strength but is also the lightest metal used. bauxite, it is the most abundant metal on earth.Magnesium, first extracted in impure form in 1808, is another light metal. ![]() Aluminium was discovered in 1827, but only gained in importance after the invention of the dynamo machine in 1867, since a high energy input is necessary to extract it.This metal does not occur in pure form. Important suggestions for further research in effective fabrication of surface composited by FSP are provided.Compared to ferrous materials, such as steel or so-called heavy metals, light metals have a low specific weight.The best known light metal is aluminium. This review has revealed few gaps in research on surface composites via FSP route such as fabrication of defect-free composites, tailoring microstructures, development of durable and cost effective tools, and understanding on the strengthening mechanisms. The underlying mechanisms in strengthening of friction stir processed surface composite are discussed with reported models. Considering the importance of tool wear in FSP of high melting point and hard surface composites, a brief note on tool materials and the limitation in their usage is also provided. With the rapid development of science and technology, higher requirements are put forward for the lightweight of metal structural materials. The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of friction stir processed surface micro-composites, nano-composites, in-situ composites and hybrid composites are discussed. The available literature is classified to present details about effect of process parameters, reinforcement particles, active cooling and multiple passes on microstructure evolution during fabrication of surface composites. The present review offers a comprehensive understanding of friction stir processed surface composites. While influence of process parameters and tool characteristics for FSP of different alloys has been considerably reviewed during the last decade, surface composites fabrication by FSP and the relation between microstructure and mechanical properties of FSPed surface composites as well as the underlying mechanisms have not been wholesomely reviewed. Recently surface composites including steel and titanium based alloys have also been reported. Initially, FSP was used for making surface composites in aluminum and magnesium based alloys. FSP can improve surface properties such as abrasion resistance, hardness, strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, fatigue life and formability without affecting the bulk properties of the material. Friction stir processing (FSP) is emerging as a promising technique for making surface composites. Surface composites are suitable materials for engineering applications encountering surface interactions.
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